Material Development

Materials in Metal Additive Manufacturing: The Backbone of Innovation

In the realm of metal additive manufacturing (AM), the choice of materials plays a pivotal role in determining the performance, reliability, and applicability of the final product. At amace Solutions, we pride ourselves on offering a carefully curated selection of prequalified materials that cater to the diverse and demanding needs of modern industries.

With over 10,000+ hours of printing expertise, amace has developed an in-depth understanding of material behavior, ensuring optimal results across a wide range of applications. Our materials enable manufacturers to achieve unparalleled precision, durability, and efficiency, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in design and production.

Understanding Material Science in Additive Manufacturing

In metal additive manufacturing, the material selection process involves assessing physical, mechanical, and chemical properties to ensure compatibility with the intended application. Unlike traditional manufacturing methods, where material usage is often constrained by machining or casting limitations, AM provides the flexibility to explore advanced alloys and innovative material combinations.

By utilizing Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology, amace’s machines can process a broad spectrum of materials, each offering unique properties and benefits. These materials are carefully validated to deliver consistent quality, enabling manufacturers to focus on innovation without worrying about performance issues.

Aluminium Alloys

Aluminium alloys, particularly AlSi10Mg, are among the most widely used materials in additive manufacturing. Known for their exceptional lightweight properties, aluminium alloys are a staple in industries like aerospace, automotive, and general engineering.

  • Lightweight and Durable: Aluminium alloys offer high strength-to-weight ratios, making them ideal for applications where weight reduction is critical.
  • Corrosion Resistance: These alloys are naturally resistant to corrosion, ensuring longevity even in harsh environments.
  • Thermal and Electrical Conductivity: AlSi10Mg provides excellent heat dissipation and electrical conductivity, enhancing its applicability in engineering and electronics.
  • Energy Efficiency: The fast-printing speeds and reduced energy consumption associated with aluminium alloys make them a cost-effective choice for prototyping and production.

Applications

  • Aerospace components, such as brackets and housings.
  • Automotive parts, including engine components and heat exchangers.
  • Prototyping and tooling for general engineering purposes.

AlSi10Mg is an age-hardening cast aluminium alloy with good hardness, strength, and dynamic toughness. It is traditionally used as a casting alloy. Powder made from AlSi10Mg is commonly used in additive manufacturing, due to the high corrosion resistance, low density, and high mechanical strength of the final components. Typical material properties are low density, high specific strength, high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity. It is widely used in automotive, aerospace & defence, electronic cooling, and consumer goods.

Stainless Steels

Stainless steels like AISI 316L and 17-4PH are prized for their durability, machinability, and corrosion resistance. These properties make them indispensable for industries such as medical, automotive, and general engineering.

  • High Corrosion Resistance: Stainless steels are designed to withstand moisture, chemicals, and other corrosive agents.
  • Excellent Mechanical Properties: With high tensile strength and ductility, stainless steels provide reliability in demanding applications.
  • Biocompatibility: Certain grades, such as AISI 316L, are well-suited for medical implants and surgical instruments.
  • Superior Surface Finish: The high-quality finish achievable with stainless steels enhances their aesthetic and functional appeal.

Applications

  • Medical devices, including implants and surgical tools.
  • Automotive parts, such as exhaust systems and structural components.
  • General engineering projects requiring precision and durability

SS304L stainless steel is particularly well-suited for Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing thanks to its excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and weldability. Its low carbon content reduces carbide precipitation, improving resistance to intergranular corrosion during the high-temperature processes in LPBF. Widely utilized in aerospace, automotive, and medical device industries, SS304L excels in applications requiring complex geometries and precise dimensional control. The LPBF process produces high-density components with fine microstructures, making SS304L a dependable choice for demanding applications.

SS420 Stainless Steel ensures the production of high-quality, intricate metal parts. With its exceptional mechanical properties, including high tensile strength and corrosion resistance, SS420 parts excel in aerospace, automotive, medical, and industrial applications. Engineered for precision and reliability, SS420 parts offer a cost-effective solution for manufacturing complex components with superior dimensional accuracy and surface finish.

Type 15-5 PH stainless steel is the most widely used for the precipitation-hardening stainless steels. Its valuable combination of properties gives designers opportunities to add reliability to their products while simplifying fabrication and often reducing costs. Type 15-5 PH is a martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel that provides an outstanding combination of high strength, good weldability, ductility and forgeability. Typical applications are automotive, aerospace and medical.

Titanium Alloys

Ti6Al4V, one of the most widely used titanium-based alloys, combines exceptional strength, low density, and biocompatibility. Its unique properties make it a go-to material for the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries.

Key Features of Ti6Al4V

  • High Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Titanium alloys are significantly lighter than steel while offering comparable strength.
  • Corrosion Resistance: Titanium is resistant to seawater, chemicals, and extreme temperatures, making it suitable for harsh environments.
  • Biocompatibility: As a non-toxic and non-reactive material, Ti6Al4V is ideal for biomedical implants.
  • Thermal Stability: Titanium alloys retain their mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, enhancing their performance in aerospace applications.

Applications

  • Aerospace parts, including airframes and engine components.
  • Medical implants, such as hip joints and dental prosthetics.
  • Automotive parts, including performance and racing components.

Titanium (Ti6Al4V) ASTM Grade 5, is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with a high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. It is one of the most used titanium alloys and is applied in a wide range of applications where low density and excellent corrosion resistance are necessary such as e.g., aerospace industry and biomechanical applications, Parts and prototypes for racing and aerospace industry, Marine applications, Chemical industry, Gas turbines, Firearm Silencers

Inconel Alloys

Inconel alloys, such as IN625 and IN718, are renowned for their ability to perform under extreme conditions. These nickel-chromium-based superalloys are commonly used in aerospace, energy, and marine industries.

Key Features of Inconel Alloys:

  • Heat Resistance: Inconel retains its strength and integrity at temperatures exceeding 1,000°C.
  • Corrosion Resistance: These alloys resist oxidation and corrosion, even in acidic and high-pressure environments.
  • Fatigue and Creep Resistance: Inconel alloys are highly resistant to deformation over long periods, making them suitable for demanding applications.
  • Ease of Fabrication: Despite their strength, Inconel alloys are relatively easy to process using SLM technology.

Applications

  • Turbine blades and exhaust systems in aerospace.
  • Heat exchangers and piping systems in energy production.
  • Components for marine and chemical processing equipment.

Inconel Alloy 625 is a nickel-based superalloy that possesses high strength properties and resistance to elevated temperatures. It also demonstrates remarkable protection against corrosion and oxidation. Its ability to withstand high stress and a wide range of temperatures, both in and out of water, as well as being able to resist corrosion while being exposed to highly acidic environments makes it a fitting choice for nuclear and marine applications. IN718 is a precipitation hardened, heat resistant, high strength superalloy with a nickel chrome base that makes it resistance to corrosion, high pressure, and extreme temperature of Up to 700OC.

IN718 alloy is a Gamma double prime strengthened with good weldability, tensile strength and creep & fatigue resistance, the alloy has been used in jet engine and high-speed airframe parts, including fasteners, nozzle, wheels, turbine, instrumentation parts, bolts, and spacers. On the other hand of temperature scale this alloy is also used in cryogenic applications.

Maraging Steels

Maraging steel (18Ni300) is a unique alloy known for its excellent hardness, toughness, and dimensional stability. It is particularly suited for tooling, molds, and high-stress applications.

Key Features of Maraging Steels:

  • High Strength: Maraging steels achieve exceptional tensile strength without compromising ductility.
  • Hardenability: These steels can be hardened through heat treatment, achieving hardness levels up to 54 HRC.
  • Dimensional Stability: Maraging steels maintain their shape and size under stress and during heat treatment.
  • Heat Transfer Properties: The excellent thermal conductivity of maraging steels makes them ideal for molds and dies.

Applications

  • Injection molding tools and die-casting molds.
  • Aerospace and defense components.
  • Industrial machinery and high-performance engineering parts.

Maraging steel (1.2709) are known for possessing superior strength and toughness without losing ductility. Due to the low carbon content maraging steels have good machinability. Prior to aging, they may also be cold rolled to as much as 90% without cracking. Maraging steels offer good weldability, but must be aged afterward to restore the original properties to the heat affected zone. Mainly suitable for tooling application and high-performance applications

Cobalt-Chrome Alloys: Biocompatibility and Wear Resistance

Cobalt-chrome alloys are a mainstay in the medical and dental industries, offering biocompatibility and resistance to wear and corrosion. These properties make them ideal for applications requiring high precision and durability.

Key Features of Cobalt-Chrome Alloys:

  • Biocompatibility: Cobalt-chrome alloys are wellsuited for implants and prosthetics due to their compatibility with human tissue.
  • Wear Resistance: These alloys exhibit exceptional resistance to abrasion and deformation.
  • Corrosion Resistance: Cobalt-chrome maintains its integrity in moist and acidic environments.
  • High Strength: The superior mechanical properties of cobalt-chrome alloys ensure reliability in demanding applications.

Applications

  • Dental crowns, bridges, and implants.
  • Orthopedic implants, such as knee and hip replacements.
  • Aerospace components requiring wear resistance.

CoCr28Mo6 is a Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys widely used in various applications due to their exceptional mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. These alloys are composed primarily of cobalt and chromium, with small amounts of other elements, such as molybdenum, carbon, and nickel, to further enhance their performance characteristics. Cobalt-chromium alloys find extensive use in industries like aerospace, medical, dental, and automotive, among others.

H13 tool steel is a versatile chromium-molybdenum hot work steel widely used in hot and cold work tooling applications. Because of its superior combination of high hardness and fatigue resistance, H13 is used more than any other tool steel in tooling applications. Also, H13 is known for its high toughness, thermal conductivity and insusceptibility to hot cracking, can be watercooled to a limited extent.

HK30, a high-temperature alloy composed primarily of nickel and chromium, is highly regarded in LPBF additive manufacturing due to its excellent thermal stability and resistance to oxidation and corrosion. This alloy’s robust mechanical properties at elevated temperatures make it suitable for critical applications in aerospace and power generation. During the LPBF process, HK30’s fine microstructure can be precisely controlled, resulting in components with superior strength and durability. Additionally, its ability to form a protective oxide layer ensures longevity and performance in harsh environments, making it an ideal material for high-stress, high-temperature applications.

Copper Alloy – Cu-Cr-Zr is a Precipitation Hardened copper-based alloy with high strength even at elevated temperatures. Cu-Cr-Zr has high wear resistance and high tempering resistance compared to most copper-based alloys, so the alloy is best suited for complex technical application with high conductivity, wear resistance and temperature as the main parameter.